Else Statements

The JavaScript Ternary Operator as a Shortcut for If/Else Statements The restrictive ternary administrator in JavaScript appoints an incentive to a variable dependent on some condition and is the main JavaScript administrator that takes three operands. The ternary administrator subs for an if statementâ in which both the if and else provisions allot various qualities to a similar field, as so: on the off chance that (condition)result something;elseresult somethingelse; The ternary administrator abbreviates this if/else proclamation into a solitary articulation: result (condition) ? something : somethingelse; On the off chance that condition is valid, the ternary administrator restores the estimation of the primary articulation; else, it restores the estimation of the subsequent articulation. Lets consider its parts:â To begin with, make the variable to which you need to dole out a worth, for this situation, result. The variable outcome will have an alternate worth relying upon the condition.Note that on the right-hand side (for example the administrator itself), the condition is first.The condition is constantly trailed by a question mark (?), which can essentially be perused just like that true?The two potential outcomes come last, isolated by a colon (:). This utilization of the ternary administrator is accessible just when the first if articulation follows the configuration indicated aboveâ -butâ this is a significant regular situation, and utilizing the ternary administrator can be unmistakably increasingly productive. Ternary Operator Example Lets take a gander at a genuine model. Maybe you have to figure out which youngsters are the correct age to go to kindergarten. You may have a restrictive articulation like this: var age 7;var kindergarten_eligible;â in the event that (ageâ 5) {kindergarten_eligible Old enough;}else {kindergarten_eligible Too young;} Utilizing the ternary administrator, you could abbreviate the expressionâ to: varâ kindergarten_eligible (age 5) ? Too young : Old enough; This model would, obviously, return sufficiently old. Different Evaluations You can incorporate different assessments, too: var age 7, var socially_ready true;var kindergarten_eligible (age 5) ? Too youngâ : socially_readyOld enough yet not yet prepared Old and socially develop enoughconsole.log ( kindergarten_eligible );/logs Old and socially develop enoughâ Different Operations The ternary administrator likewise permits the incorporation of numerous tasks for every articulation, isolated by a comma: var ageâ 7, socially_ready valid; age 5â ? (alert(You are old enough.),location.assign(continue.html)) : (socially_ready false,alert(Sorry, yet you are not yet ready.)); Ternary Operator Implications Ternary administrators keep away from in any case verbose code, so from one viewpoint, they appearâ desirable. Then again, they can bargain readabilityâ -clearly, IF ELSE is more handily comprehended than a secretive ?. When utilizing a ternary operatorâ - â or any abbreviationâ â - consider who will peruse your code. In the event that less-experienced designers may need to comprehend your program rationale, maybe the utilization of the ternary administrator ought to be kept away from. This is particularly evident if your condition and assessments are mind boggling enough that you would need to home or chain your ternary administrator. Truth be told, these sorts of settled administrators can affect clarity as well as troubleshooting. Likewise with any programming choice, make certain to think about setting and convenience before utilizing a ternary administrator.

Characters of the story Essay

Sethe is the star of the novel. The whole novel spins around her (Morrison 1). It likewise discusses the individuals who are her youngsters, her sweetheart and her family members. She is a slave in Kentucky. She got away from the Garner living arrangement named Sweet Home since they had kicked the bucket. The new slave proprietor, the teacher, was excessively cruel on them. In this way, Sethe and different slaves couldn't bear the cruel treatment of the teacher hence constraining them to retaliate. This retaliating was through fleeing. Sethe and different slaves needed to flee to opportunity. Notwithstanding, Sethe was found scarcely a month after her striking getaway. After being gotten, Sethe cut the throat of her kid, Beloved, so as to shield her from enduring under bondage when she grows up to womanhood. Sethe stands apart from the ordinary African American slaves since she is intense and autonomous disapproved. This is the thing that moves her sort. She even gladly expressed to Paul D. that she won't flee from things on this planet. Be that as it may, Sethe’s life has no course. She burns through the greater part of her waking hours in her home, 124, attempting to overlook her past where she killed her own girl, Beloved, and she was assaulted by a white American. This homicide happened when gotten away Sethe was captured by the white Americans. Sethe would consistently miss her Beloved kid much in the wake of slaughtering her. Two men got Sethe in Mother Baby Suggs house and took her milk from her. Consequently, she couldn't take care of her human milk to her kids . Paul D was an African American slave in Kentucky. He got away from his white proprietors simply after Sethe effectively caused her to escape. Paul D. persistently attempted to flee for a long time however he was gotten each time. What's more, he at long last came to Sethe’s front strides in Cincinnati after his last getaway attempt was effective. Paul D. additionally had a past that he rather overlook since he thought about it as a bad dream. He bolts up this tragic piece of his past in his tobacco tin some portion of his heart. For, his mysterious past frightfulness was that he was frequently detained in a solid shape that lay in a jettison. The resurrected Beloved tempts Paul D. also, instructs him to acknowledge his past as an ordinary piece of life. Dearest helps him to at last lay his overwhelming heap of a horrendous past to rest. He is relentless in his arrangement not to cherish anything in life an excessive amount of in light of the fact that it would be just impermanent. Martin Bidney expressed that â€Å"I need to show that one of Morrison’s boss objectives in Beloved is to reconsider and change significant British sentimental artists. By taking a sentimentalist voyage through Beloved, we can see with what alarming inventiveness she reshapes the abstract past† . Cherished is the third offspring of Sethe, the fundamental character of the novel. She was killed by Sethe at one years old. She remained on as an apparition for the following twenty years in 124. She is resurrected on her twenty first year. In any case, she has the psyche of the youngster. He return was because of her longing to be touched by her mom and to vindicate her passing on account of Sethe. She attempts to understand why her own mom would slaughter her. She represents the numerous African Americans murdered on account of the shade of their skin. For, sixty million Africans that were captured and persuasively pressed like fishes in the exceptionally close maritime vessels to be sold into subjugation. Darling had returned from the other world to address such fervently challenged issues as equity for the slaves, ethical quality and bondage . One Toni Morrison’s goals for this novel was that the story would not end with the Paul D. Or maybe, she needs this story to be told and retold with the goal that numerous individuals from the present and people in the future won't overlook the slave past of African Americans. For, Paul D. at long last let go his bad dream as a previous slave by tolerating it as a component of his legacy. Dearest effectively opened the eyes of Paul D. to at long last acknowledge his past and to proceed onward . 2. 1. 1 Baby Suggs Baby Suggs is Sethe’s relative. She is the mother of her better half, African American Halle. The epic expresses that Baby Suggs had kicked the bucket eight years prior. Child Suggs was given opportunity by her white American proprietors. She was upbeat that her proprietor educated that she is a liberated person. She feels that that she presently possesses the various pieces of her body. She supported her kindred African Americans to cherish themselves for what they are. She spread the news that her kindred African Americans ought to persevere through all that the White Americans set on them and everything would turn out fine . 2. 1. 2 Denver She is the living little girl of Sethe. She felt that the appearance of Paul D. has disregarded her in a little corner of her mother’s home. Paul D. what's more, Sethe regularly remained to have intercourse. Sethe feels that three is swarm since her mom and Paul D. were too bustling offering affection to one another. Furthermore, Sethe feels that the young men and the young ladies of her time would not like to be her companions. She doesn't feel forlorn in light of the fact that her desolate hours are go through bantering with her solitary companion. This companion is the apparition of Beloved. In any case, the phantom of Beloved is at long last determined off by Paul D. 2. 1. 3 Howard and Buglar They are the two other offspring of Sethe. They fled from Sethe when they were as yet thirteen years of age . 2. 1. 4 Stamp Pride Stamp Pride is another African American slave. He needed to bear his terrible past. This past was his that he had to part with his better half to the white Americans so she could be their sex toy. Stamp Pride worked effectively against the powerful taking of his better half . 2. 2 Racism Beloved spotlights on prejudice. The African slaves are delegated creatures by the individuals during this timeframe. The epic spotlights on the teacher. The teacher compares the slaves not as a person however just as a creature. This implies they are much the same as the pet mutts and the working ponies that Caucasians own in their ranches. As creatures, the Caucasian proprietors can do whatever they please with their property. What's more, the slaves are delegated property that the proprietors unquestionably will be helpful in the homesteads of the slave states particularly in the Southern United States regions. The African Americans are depicted by the Beloved epic actually as having a similar five detects that the Caucasian proprietors have. The slaves likewise have the faculties of sight, hearing, smelling, contact and taste . Clearly, the novel Beloved stresses that the African American slaves are likewise people and ought not be dealt with like standard felines, mutts, ponies or some other work creatures. The tale is loaded with voluminous pages indicating that the African Americans are conflicted between battling for their opportunity from subjugation or to simply acknowledge the unmistakable reality that they were destined to be tackled simply like pet canines and ponies. Likewise, the tune time of the story is unstable as confirm by the thousands who have kicked the bucket on both the Union side under Robert E. Lee and the Confederate side under General Ulysses S. Award. The common war was battled by the Union troopers since they needed to free the slaves. The Confederate fighters battled the war since they believed they needed to split away from the United States and structure a different country where subjugation is permitted . The epic raises the issue of prejudice all through the whole novel. It characterizes what opportunity is to the slaves. Child Suggs felt that she was free. Anyway she needed to right to protection and property. For, the White Americans could burst into her home and search her place whenever of the day without need to request her authorization. This what the white Americans did when they raged her place to look for the getting away Sethe who brought along her kids four youngsters. Likewise, the Paul D. was not permitted to cherish anything he desired to adore because of African American ancestry. Bigotry is extremely apparent on the grounds that the African Americans needed to trust that the white Americans will complete their basic food item buys before they were permitted to enter and purchase staple things. The creator, Morrison, stresses that being a free slave doesn't just mean NOT having a place with any white American. Prejudice has caused a separation of the African American families. For, the offspring of the African Americans would be detracted from them by their proprietors gone forever. This is because of the way that Slaves are the property of their lords . 2. 3 Kentucky the 1800s Kentucky during the 1800s was where claiming a slave is typical human action. Likewise, many slave uprisings sprung up during this timespan. Individuals like John Trumbull needed to discover approaches to battle out any revolt from their slaves .

Newts Of California Essays - Newts, Amphibians, California Newt

Newts Of California In southern California, grown-up California newts (Taricha torosa)have been found to much of the time tear up both hatchlings and egg masses. Thus, for those grown-up newts that stay in the stream pools in the wake of rearing, conspecifics have become one of their principle wellsprings of prey in the chaparral stream pools of the Santa Monica Mountains. This investigation was embraced to look at whether rapidly spreading fire initiated sedimentation would give an elective prey, for example, night crawlers, and alter connections between life phases of T. torosa. An eating regimen examination, field reviews, what's more, a research facility explore gave perceptions and information to this examination. For the eating routine investigation and field reviews, three destinations were considered: Cold Creek Ravine, which was scorched in 1993, and Newton Creek Canyon and Trancas Creek Ravine, which were unburned locales and filled in as controls. Grown-up newts were gathered throughout the spring and summer of 1992-1996 from Cold Creek and during 1995 from Trancas Creek for diet examination. A water lavage was utilized to gather the stomach substance, which were then analyzed by magnifying lens. Likewise, both consumed and unburned locales were overviewed and observed for the accessibility of the two night crawlers and conspecifics. In the research facility explore, a gravitational move through framework was utilized to look at the conduct reactions of larval newts to synthetic prompts of both grown-up newts and night crawlers. Past investigations had verified that larval newts avoided compound prompts of the grown-up newts. Through diet investigation, it was discovered that the greater part of the stomach tests of the grown-up newts contained conspecifics, worms, creepy crawlies, and mayflies. Stomach tests from Cold Creek demonstrated that conspecifics were expended altogether more regularly than night crawlers were devoured during the two years before the fire(1992, 1993). Be that as it may, during the two years after the fire (1994, 1995), additional night crawlers were devoured and conspecifics were wiped out as a nourishment source. In 1996, diet examination indicated a return of conspecifics, yet the recurrence of worms in grown-up newt stomachs was as yet more noteworthy. Recurrence of scarabs and mayflies gave off an impression of being comparative when the fire. In 1995,stomach substance from Cold Creek and Trancas Creek demonstrated that more night crawlers were accessible at consumed locales than at unburned destinations. In the research center investigation, it was resolved that the hatchlings would in general conceal more when the grown-up newt was available, yet larval stowing away seemed to rely upon the night crawler signs. On the off chance that the night crawlers were available, the hatchlings didn't endeavor to stow away; if the night crawlers were missing, the hatchlings would endeavor to stow away. Moreover, they would in general shroud more with grown-up newts present short the worms than in the organization of both. Prior to the fire, grown-up newts every now and again benefited from their own hatchlings and egg masses. Because of fierce blazes, stream banks were upset causing sedimentation and the contribution of night crawlers in the streams. Therefore, night crawlers turned into an elective prey taking out savagery for a long time after the fire. With the accessibility of the worms, hatchlings and eggs were permitted to concentrate on improvement instead of survivorship. This is apparent in the two years after the fire for the thickness of the hatchlings and egg masses seemed to have expanded somewhat. Notwithstanding, savagery returned three years after the fire. At this point, vegetation development had recuperated and the stream banks were increasingly steady bringing about less sedimentation and less accessible worms. Maybe, following a couple of more years, conspecifics will turn into a principle wellspring of nourishment by and by. List of sources Kerby, L.J. what's more, L.B. Kats. 1998. Altered communications between lizard life stages brought about by rapidly spreading fire actuated sedimentation. Biology, 79:740-745

PESTLE analysis Essay - 275 Words

PESTLE analysis (Essay Sample) Content: PESTLE analysis of absenteeism in NHS in terms of staff engagement as a challengeName:Course:Instructor:Date: Managers have not adequately addressed employee absenteeism in the NHS. The organisation has the highest number of employee absence of any sector with statistics indicating that the sickness rate among the NHS staff is 50 percent higher compared to the private sector. The 50 percent represents over 45000 employees calling in sick every day. In a study carried out by the Manchester business school, researchers concluded that fundamental changes were needed to pull the NHS out of the problem of high employee absenteeism. In another study published in the Journal of Health Services Management Research, researchers revealed that the NHS could up to 34 million if one percent fewer staff called in sick every year (The Press Association, 2011). Based on such indicators and statistics, it is clear that managers at the helm of the NHS have failed to address the proble m. Even those charged with the responsibility of ensuring reduced worker absenteeism have equally failed to tackle the problem. In the long run, high cases of worker absenteeism have resulted in reduced quality of care, waste of resources and waster of managerial and occupational health time. Many resources are directed from their core use to other non-essential uses fail to address the problem of employee absenteeism.A couple of researches carried out have established that staff engagement is the major challenge the NHS. Staff engagement can help the NHS meet the challenges of improving productivity, reducing costs and implementing organisational changes. High levels of staff engagement have been confirmed to connect to an array of constructive outcomes including for patients and to enhanced health and well-being for staff. However, to attain high engagement levels, the NHS must improve the overall experience of the employees. The employees need to feel safe in their workstations, undertake roles that count and access proper training and development. Managers must also practice effective managing while engaging the employees in organisational decision-making (Mooney, 2009). To understand the scope of these practices that seek to achieve high levels of engagement, it is important to undertake a PEST analysis, which unravels the pressures and problems experienced by the NHS employees. A PEST analysis will consider external influences essential to the NHS employees and the extent to which such changes may be significant for the future of the NHS.Political and Legal FactorsThe political aspect of the PEST analysis examines a number of issues that touch on government directives and legal obligations, employee legislation, diversity, equality and human rights legislation. It also looks at the need to improved working and living standards of employees, better healthcare standards and reports from bodies mandated with overseeing quality healthcare. Equality and diver sity are crucial to delivering quality services in the NHS. Making diversity and equality part of the strategies aimed at attaining high staff engagement is essential towards recovery. Equal representation of employees at the NHS and a depiction of diversity are instrumental in maintaining the focus in the long term (Mooney, 2009). The Equality Act in the UK has strengthened the need for equal representation in all public organisations. The changing demographics also call for diversity according to the provisions of the Equality Act. In this regard, the need to mainstream diversity and equality in the NHS becomes even more essential to how the organisation works and operates. The NHS must subscribe to the provisions of the Equality Act and commit to equal and diversified representation of workers and patients (Equality and Diversity in Practice 2013).The Care Quality Commission is a body mandated by law to ensure that all health facilities comply and meet national set standards. The commission ensures that hospitals adhere to the rights of patients and workers and provide quality healthcare to patients. Achieving this objective needs the inclusion of workers, which is part of employee engagement. Apparently, the neglect by the NHS management to incorporate employees in such crucial matters has resulted in a feeling of neglect by employees hence the high rates of absenteeism (CQC 2013).Economic factorsThe economic aspect of this analysis in relation the NHS revolves around alternative employment opportunities for the NHS workers. It also touches on the cost of living and the living standards of employees. The NHS has done little if anything to address the issue of employee living standards. Employees at the NHS feel neglected because the organisation does nothing to better their living standards. Employees lack motivation and development opportunities to better their lives, which leaves them vulnerable to seeking better employment opportunities. The NHS must ad dress the issue of rising living costs by negotiating better pay for employees (Department of Health 2012). To overcome such frustration by employees, the NHS must be inclusive in their strategies to ensure employee development by offering career growth opportunities that will help them climb the corporate ladder and earn better pay to improve their lives. The NHS must also adhere to the governments strategy for social justice that seeks to address employment issues and support the disadvantaged to live better lives. Such approached will give employees no reason to seek better jobs or be absent from work.Social factorsSocial factors include aspects such as employment and unemployment levels, community involvement in issues of quality care, balance between social and work time, population size and structure and employee attitudes towards the management and harassment during work. Cases of employee bullying and harassment have been reported at the NHS. This could be a reason for emplo yees to be absent because of fear. Such cases change the attitude of employees towards their work, which in turn affects their performance (The Press Association 2011). Employees at the NHS have been reported to have a negative attitude towards their work because of poor working conditions and harassment from management. There is also the case of balance between social and work time. The NHS management rarely approves offs for workers and workers work long hours with little rest time. Most of them op...

Dont Let Misbehavior Disrupt Your Classroom

Analysis of Sonnet 18 - 850 Words

View of the evitable In â€Å"Sonnet 18† by William Shakespeare and â€Å"Death† by John Donne, both poems describe how death is escaped. Both writers suggest that we shouldn’t fear death, because with death comes life. The use of imagery, metaphors, and personification are used to develop these themes of the sonnets. However, each sonnet addresses how they view immortality in different ways. While â€Å"Sonnet 18† focuses on immortality by capturing beauty, immortality in â€Å"Death† is viewed through a religious perspective. The speaker of the poem â€Å"Death† shows fearlessness in the first stanza of the poem. â€Å"Death be not proud, though some have called thee/Mighty and dreadful, for thou art not so† (1-2). Here death is being personified and confronted†¦show more content†¦The writer makes a contradiction about the mortality of his beloved though. â€Å"But thy eternal summer shall not fade† (9). This suggests that his belovedâ €™s beauty will not end like the season of summer does. Finally the writer explains that as long as people are alive to read poems, his beloved will be immortal because the sonnet brings life to the person he is referring to (13-14). These last stanzas reveal a metaphor that argues his beloved is better than a summer day because unlike summer, his beloved’s beauty will never fade. Both sonnets escape the inevitable because of their different views on death. While the writer of â€Å"Sonnet 18† defeats death by capturing beauty in a poem, John Donne defeats death by belief of what is to come after this life. These two poems suggest that we shouldn’t fear mortality because it only reveals life after death. Work cited Donne, John. â€Å"Death.† The Giant Book of Poetry. Ed. William Roetzhem. San Diego: Level Four Press, Inc.2006. 21. Print. Shakespeare, William. â€Å"Sonnet XVIII.† The Giant Book of Poetry. Ed. William Roetzhem. 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Corporate Communication and Public Relation in Hospitality Industry

Question: Discuss about the Corporate Communication and Public Relation in Hospitality Industry. Answer: Introduction This report is focused on exploring the concept of communication ability and public relationship particularly in hospitality industry. Specifically, this study has been explaining the aspects of importance of effective corporate communication skills and public relationship in tour and travel industry. Articulation of information effectively and efficiently in tour and travel industry is a must, because it is the only way to facilitate tour and travel services to the foreigners and people from different backgrounds (Martin and Chaney, 2012). Moreover, public relationship is a vital aspect that enhances the quality of services and performance of tour and travel organisations though prominent communication skills. On the other hand, it is very important to consider two main elements that is required to offer effectual travel and tour services to the client that is first, valuable organisational culture and second, understanding of intercultural communication. Organisational culture solv es the standard and vision related aspect of the company and motivates employees to cater their duties and responsibility in the most efficient way (Martin and Chaney, 2012). Likewise intercommunication communication describes the nature, attitude and behavioural pattern of the clients which provides an experienced and professional service to the client. Thus, this report is mainly exposing the information and benefits of having a successful organisational culture as well as intercultural analysis. Background Communication is basic requirement of any business especially when it is related to the hospitality or service sector. It helps in planning, organising, motivating, directing and controlling of the business functions. It is the foundation of information which provides effective decision making ability associated with the business operations. It helps in building strong culture in the organisation which is necessary to benefit the stakeholders of the company special internal that is employees (Martin and Chaney, 2012). Communication also helps a company in measuring, finding faults and altering the choice of actions accordingly. Likewise interpublic relationship delivers best team work of employees and employer of the organisation. It also strengthens the internal environment and bond between staff and management that directly affects the productivity and performance of the organisation. Interpublic relation is profoundly responsible for the organisational culture that influences the employees and their working behaviour and delivery of services to the customers (Martin and Chaney, 2012). This report enables johns Outback Adventure tour to carry out efficient communication skill and public relationship training aspect to improve the services and performance of the organisation (Martin and Chaney, 2012). Furthermore, the company situated in Sydney, Australia mainly has a clientele of Chinese people as they have the highest numbers in visitors in Australia from past recent years. Company offers various activities as an adventure trip and tour services in Australia which also includes tour of the outback. Thus, the training and recommendations regarding the convalescent the performance and quality of the services offered by Johns Outback Adventure is emphasised on the two main elements of communication and public relationship which is intercultural and organisational culture (Martin and Chaney, 2012). The main reason behind the chosen two of the elements is that it covers all other aspects of communication and interpublic relationship management within itself. The necessity of effective organisational culture caters a company various advantages such as increase in productivity, augmentation in employees loyalty, minimising the conflicts between employees and employer, it also strengthens the relationship and value of staff and management for each other (Alvesson, 2012). Furthermore, it helps in inspiring and encouraging the employees to implement new ideas and creative ways to finish a task that provides better performance in return plus it assists the management to delegate the work easily by setting goal and objectives clearly to the employees. Foremost, it accumulates equality and fair workplace environment between staff members (Alvesson, 2012). Therefore, lastly, accelerates effective communication articulation in work environment of the organisation. Along with this, today every business is providing their services worldwide especially tour and travel industry where foreign services are very essential for its growth and development. Every globalised service has a main element related to cultural exchange which cannot be ignored (Martin and Chaney, 2012). Communicating with other people with distinct background is difficult and could be failed if proper knowledge and information of their culture has not been taken. Thus, cultural differences can be minimised with the proper training and focused cultural program to deal with the different customers with dissimilar backgrounds (Martin and Chaney, 2012). In this case, company deals with majority of Chinese clients who are from different background and has various other attitude and etiquettes on corporate communication and business management. Thus, there expectation from the company as a tour service provider is also different and unlike Australian culture (Alvesson, 2012). Intercultural communication analysis pertaining to Chinese people Every business has some pivotal and special clients which Chinese people are mostly travel in the groups and with family and their perception for distinct experiences and adventurous outbacks are very different from other country citizens (Martin and Chaney, 2012). Thus, their behaviour, attitude and values are very different and should be acknowledged before offering them services. In this case, Chinese people are the key clients of the tour company. For this reason, Chinese culture and background knowledge is very essential for the employees who directly deal with them (Huang, 2011). Australian landscapes are plan and natural that provides great experience of road travels and famous as driving destination and offers various adventurous facilities like scuba diving, sky diving, jet boating, surfing, bungee jumping, camping, Wing suit flying, cave diving and hiking in the pleasant, diverse and natural beautiful places (Australia, 2017). This flexibility entices Chinese travellers to travel the country more often. People in adventurous travels are the independent Chinese travellers who enjoys adventurous and unlike experiences in Australia. Chinese people use heavy technological gazettes when they travel alone or in groups while travelling along with this they communicate with their group and community on a daily basis while travelling (Commisceo Global, 2017). Chinese people like to travel blogs with detailed information and try to make comprehensive understanding of travel sites and adventures. Thus, it can be depicted that they are prone to use online all the time and gives their massive time and money in internet interactions. Hence, providing high speed internet through Wi-Fi or local network is one of the most important aspects which have to be met when dealing with Chinese people (Hotel.com, 2015). Basically Chinese travellers that enjoy adventurous trips are from middle age group and young middle class which travel independently. They travel with their close relatives and family togeth er or their self organised group of same community. Through researches this has been explored that they travel for mid-longer period of time as around 20 days n so. Chinese people prefer rented campervans, motor homes from travel agents to roam around the Australian travel destinations as an adventure trip. Moreover, they prefer to be insured while travelling (Hotel.com, 2015). In addition to this, Chinese prefer quality and luxurious facilities such as caravan parks and other high standard facilities in their trip. Apart from this, Chinese people believes in lucky and unlucky numbers plus colours also symbolise that can bring bad luck and good luck. They are specific about certain animals and flowers characteristics that decide their choices and preferences. As an example they prefer same colour combination of containers with flower in the hotel room. The flower should be bloomed and attached with a budding flower (Hotel.com, 2015). The most preferred and understandable language by Chinese is Mandarin language that covers majority of Chinese tourists. Number 8 is considered as a prosperity number, whereas 4 number is denoted as bad luck. Similarly, red, yellow and orange colour is the indication and celebration and joy. On the other hand, white is used as a mourning or death symbol. Affluent Chinese travellers fascinates for grate and luxurious services (Hotel.com, 2015). They use humble and gentle worlds and prefer to be active and attentive services with good etiquettes and behaviour. They ha ve addiction of hot tea as a daily routine and want cattle in there room services as mandatory facility. Apart from this, slippers in every room with breakfast menu and entertainment or recreational TV stations videos in Chinese language plus any newspaper or magazine in Chinese language is also necessary as good hospitality to them (Hotel.com, 2015). They never travel with their toothbrush and toothpaste and demand from hotel as basic facility. They always give full attention o cleanliness and hygiene anywhere they travel. Golden week also known as October first week is best time, Chinese tourists travel around the world (Hotel.com, 2015). Chinese travellers buy expensive and branded stuffs wherever they go (Commisceo Global, 2017). They have special attachment with souvenirs to gift their close friends and family. Besides this, communication differences in the culture of Chinese and Australia is also wide. Chinese people are very punctual and give importance to time management. Appointments are necessary for the Chinese traveller and they book in advance for any trip and pay full attention to their itinerary. They have patience in their behaviour and keep great consideration to reviews and slow at negotiation pace (Commisceo Global, 2017). They tend to choose the best service according to their requirement and ratings and rank. They never ask direct question as they use intermediaries and gentle language. They are bit conservative in terms of cloths and information sharing (Commisceo Global, 2017). Ch inese travellers give high inclination to business cards. Developing an effective Organizational "Culture" Organisational culture is a vital aspect of hospitality industry because of direct interaction of staff members with the customer. To ensure the best quality of service it is mandatory for the service provider to emphasis on the valuable and efficient organisational culture which is rich in effective communication system and flexible interpublic relationship with the employees. It is a committed effort by the staff and management to provide best and quality service to the customers. The organisational culture of a company focuses on the delivery of quality service to the customers by reducing problems, hassles and deficiencies. The long term survival of the company is ensured on the organisational culture of the company. Organisational culture facilitates in attaining the long term goals and objectives of the company. It stimulates policies and standards of the company entailing the vision and mission to cater quality service to the customers (Hanania, 2012). Organisation culture hel ps in creating positive environment for the stakeholders and makes the company more reliable and credible towards its internal stakeholders. It makes the appealing environment for the customers as well as vendors and suppliers to deal and negotiate business. In this context, travel and tour agencies or organisations also needs effective and affective organisational culture to endow their quality services (Hanania, 2012). The organisational culture in the travelling agency is associated with the behaviour of management towards employees and employees with their customers. It is not a one day process but it initiates with the practices and standards set by the management. The customers should be treated as priority basis and their problems or enquiries should be considered as a prime obligation (Hanania, 2012). The culture difference and treatment of the customers should also be predefined by the members. The roles and responsibility of the employees should also be already explained to their respective staff member so that the confusion and problem of communication cannot be arising. In addition to this, the communication system of the organisation should be clear and sound which will also help the ultimate customer in acknowledging the in formation (Hanania, 2012). The operators and business dealers should know about the business etiquettes and attitude of different backgrounds of customers. As tour and travel organisations are meant to deal with local as well as international customers, the code of conducts and business communication system should be predefined by the staff members. Not only the front desk services should be provided as quality performance but also internally management should share same values and morality (Alvesson, 2012). The flexibility in the communication between the management and employees should be considered as key to solve queries and improving the customers services. Along with this, the employees benefits are considered coordinal so that internal satisfaction enhance the productivity and performance of staff members. Additionally, the motivational approaches and strategies should be implemented in order to inspire and boost the employees loyalty towards the company. Motivational techniques should also be use as a change in the policies and standards in case of improving the internal environment of the company. Furthermore, leadership skills are also use to influence the direction and vision of employees in achieving the aim of the company (Alvesson, 2012). It has also been observed that successful organisational culture helps the ma nagement in negotiating skills with the customers as well as its employees. It creates a favourable environment for the organisation that incorporates cultural difference and marketing of the organisation in prominent way. Organisational culture assists the company in collaboration and corporation with the employees and customers. As well as it aids the team enthusiasm in the workforce to achieve the same goal and objective (Schein, 2016). It also encourages time orientation in the management and influences the way of thinking optimistically. Conclusion In the above discussion, it can be concluded that an organisation with a hospitality background, communication and interpublic relationship aspects are very important. Communication is the most influential tool that can fail and provide success to the organisations. Services are improved with the certain changes in the communication system and public relationship to develop and growth of the company. Along with this, this report provides wide comprehension of the two aspects of travel and tour organisation to change the business operation. The improvement in the organisation can be made with the help of acknowledging the concept of intercultural communication where the agency deals with majority of the Chinese tourist. It includes their behaviour, beliefs and attitude that should be considered as a standard to deal with them. Additionally, effective organisational culture is a predominant element that provides motivation to the employees. The organisational culture is responsible for the quality of the services and productivity with increased performance of the staff that directly influences the customers service. Similarly, it helps in betterment of the relationship of employees and employees and ensures employees loyalty to the company. Thus, with this study it can be illustrated that role of communication bestows the enhancement in the quality of the services given by the tour and travel organisation. Nonetheless, this acknowledgement of information regarding intercultural communication aspects for Chinese people and building strong organisation cultural facilitates growth and success to the company. The company will be able to handle its operation more efficiently and effectively. Recommendation The above mentioned information is being used to develop a system that will help the company in maintaining its relationship with employee as well as customers of the company (Martin and Chaney, 2012). Tourist of Chinese background and culture are particularly kept in mind to ensure best quality services to them. For facilitating a secure and safe environment to the employees that will increase its productivity and performance is also described in this report. For the purpose of effectual and betterment of the systematic incorporation of communication and public relationship some of the recommendation are given below: The Chinese culture is a different type of other culture hence staff should be hired on the basis of familiarity with their Chinese culture. Along with this, the focus and mission of the organisation should be set clear with the employees so that their services will be directed in the same direction (Martin and Chaney, 2012). Moreover, need of the customer should be given as priority to increase responsive behaviour in the staff. Furthermore teamwork with the help of training and programmes are being enhanced. The knowledge about respective cultures and background of the customers should be cognized by the staff members. An environment which listens to their employees suggestion should be made to bring creativity and ideas in the strategy incorporation (Schein, 2016). Besides that, attending guest by the experts and experienced staff will high rank the agency (Schein, 2016). The response of the staff to the customer should be based on mirror technique that embroils dealing situation according to the behaviour of the customers. The services of the company should also be enhances with the integration of effective and advanced information technology to understand and offer services fast and reliable. This also enhances the clarity and credibility of the operation and helps in enhancing the communication more accurately (Schein, 2016). The motivational and leadership strategy should also implied by the organisation to boost the morale of the employees. At the same time, employees and employer relation should be maintained appropriately. References Alvesson, M. 2012. Understanding Organizational Culture. 2nd ed. Sage. Australia. 2017. Explore Australia. [Online] Available At: https://www.australia.com/en-in [Accessed on: 04 May 2017]. Commisceo Global. 2017. China Guide. [Online] Available At: https://www.commisceo-global.com/country-guides/china-guide [Accessed on: 04 May 2017]. Hanania, R. 2012. PoweR PR: Ethnic Activists Guide to Strategic Communications. Lulu.com. Hotel.com. 2015. Chinese International Travel Monitor 2015- Overview. [Online] Available At: https://www.citm2015.com/overview/ [Accessed on: 04 May 2017]. Huang, Y. 2011. Chinese Tour Guides Strategies in Intercultural CommunicationImplications for Language Teaching and Tourism Education. Journal of Language Teaching and Research 2(1), pp. 146-150. Martin, J. S., and Chaney, L. H. 2012. Global Business Etiquette: A Guide to International Communication and Customs. 2nd ed. ABC-CLIO. Mohanty, A. 2015. Effective Team Building, Organisational Culture and Organisational Climate in Service Sector. International journal of English language, literature and humanities 3(7), pp. 499-516. Schein, E. H. 2016. Organizational Culture and Leadership. John Wiley Sons.

Ways Domestic Violence Can Affect Individuals free essay sample

Domestic violence is a pattern of behavior used to establish power and control over another individual through fear and intimidation, which often includes threats or violence. The effects of domestic violence could be long term or short term. A long term effect of domestic violence is physical injuries that can cause arthritis, hypertension, or heart disease. A short term effect of domestic violence could be anxiety or depression. Physical or emotional abuse may lead to suicide or murder. Domestic violence is brought about as a result of things that could have happened in an individual’s childhood, or later in life. Domestic violence could start when one partner feels the need to control or dominate the other. People sometimes feel the need to control another person because they were bullied in the past. In addition to that, one partner may feel inferior to the other partner. A spouse might have a higher education than the other, or a better paying job. We will write a custom essay sample on Ways Domestic Violence Can Affect Individuals or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page One other reason is because that individual might have witness his or her parents being abused and he/she might feel the need to be like them. Domestic abuse is also linked to poor self esteem. A child growing up in a violent home is likely to have little self worth. When children are brought down to amount to nothing, it could also play a major role in self esteem. Anger is a major source of fuel that will fan the flames of domestic violence. When a person has so much anger and hate from verbal or physical abuse that happened in the past, eventually it will come out in the form of violence. Drug and/ or alcohol abuse may be a precursor to domestic violence. Substance abuse leads to out of control behavior. The numbers of communality within the dynamics of most alcohol families have poor emotional health. Emotional health leads to secondary anger, which is an effective substitute for dealing honestly with emotions. In the end, domestic violence can happen to anyone no matter your race, size, or gender. The little things that resemble your partner trying to control could lead to domestic violence. Domestic violence can come in two ways, verbally or physically. Never wait to get out; this could lead to death or serious injuries. Many wait to late, and regret their decision not to receive help. All in all, look at the causes so you do not have to worry about the effects.

Free Essays on Business And Managment

leadership is to help people do a better job through coaching, facilitating, and by creating environments that support the aim of the organization. Leadership is the ability of a manager to train employees, remove institutional roadblocks, and empower e... Free Essays on Business And Managment Free Essays on Business And Managment Management and Leadership Paper Within the organizational structure of most businesses you will likely find management and leadership coexisting. Commonly, the words are often substituted for on another. However, each word has a distinctly different definition. A manager does not necessarily make a good manager. Management is defined as those individuals in an organization that have the authority and the responsibility to manage the organization through the control of production processes and ensuring that they operate efficiently and effectively. Leadership is defined as the skills and ability to set future goals in accordance with the organizational goals and to communicate those goals to other employees in such a way that they voluntarily and harmoniously work together to accomplish those goals for the benefit of the organization. In this paper I will differentiate between management and leadership? Any organization needs to be managed, even a one-person company has to be managed. A manager has four key responsibilities: 1) planning, 2) organizing, 3) leading, and 4) controlling. Management can also be defined as the function that determines how the organization’s human, financial, physical, informational, and technical resources are arranged and coordinated to perform tasks towards achievement of strategic goals. Leadership implies that the manager has fundamental knowledge about critical processes. A leader is focused on ensuring the creation of strategies, systems, and methods for achieving excellence and building knowledge and capabilities. Leaders are focused more on creating an enthusiastic work environment for all of a company’s employees. In other words leadership is to help people do a better job through coaching, facilitating, and by creating environments that support the aim of the organization. Leadership is the ability of a manager to train employees, remove institutional roadblocks, and empower e...

Energy Consumption & Modernization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Energy Consumption & Modernization - Essay Example From this paper it is clear that  peak load is the highest amount of power or electric value recorded at a particular period. Peak load values will be obtained when there is more demand on the electricity due to use of appliances. In this case peak load values in the student halls will be recorded during the early morning when the students will be preparing to go to class or any other activities they are involved in. The use of the instant heating showers, blow dryers, iron box coupled with the demand to ensure that the room is warm enough due to the morning cold, the amount of electricity in use instantaneously shoots up. Peak load can also be noticed in the evenings just when the students are coming back from their classes and other activities they have been engaging in during the day.  This research declares that  base load is the lowest average in energy consumption at a particular period when the consumption is steady.  Base load values will be obtained when there is les s demand on the electricity. In the students halls Base load values will be recorded during the day while most of the students will be away, because this brings down the overall consumption of energy although the values during the day might not be very reliab lebecause of the students left in the halls since the will still be consuming the electricity this may take out the steady aspect in the calculation of base load values.

The birth & growth of anti-westernism sentiments in the Middle East Essay

The birth & growth of anti-westernism sentiments in the Middle East - Essay Example In terms of personal interaction at the university, both my supervisors have been outstanding in that they have reached out to help me in regards; by providing me bibliographical support as also their advice on the topic that I should take up as part of my research. I am indeed grateful to them for having stood by me after having understood the unexpected personal circumstances that I have had to go through. But as is well known; one needs to do a lot of groundwork in order to produce a clear road plan for taking up research activity, by attending seminars and conferences, and this is where I have been outraced. Due to my personal problems, I was unable to attend any of these that were held at the university, even though I very much wanted to go. Another major obstacle has been that I have not been able to move to Paris either, which was the prime reason to shift to a part-time status after having discussed the issue with my supervisors. This report aims to describe what I have been doing ever since then and also aims to outline my proposed plan for doing research. Due to the above-mentioned problems, I subsequently started to attend many seminars at the School of Oriental & African Studies (SOAS). The following list describes the various seminars that I have attended so far at SOAS: During this period, I did not attend any research training courses as I had prior experience of having attended them during my MA studies. However, I am planning to attend some after March. As the above-mentioned list suggests, all the seminars primarily focus on the growing anti-western sentiments in the middle-eastern region. These seminars along with the recent incidents revolving around the middle -east (the 9/11 terror attacks-Osama Bin Laden along with America's intervention in Iraq & Afghanistan to be specific), have driven me to think that i must indeed search for the consequences as also the reasons for the occurrence of these events. I am now more than ever interested in finding the reason for the anti-western sentiments that have been the root cause of all terror attacks in the western hemisphere. I therefore, decided that I would conduct a study on the birth & growth of anti-westernism sentiments in the Middle East.According to Shireen T. Hunter (1998), the anti-western feeling was born from the Zionist wars between Israel & Egypt and the subsequent overthrow of the shah of Iran, which led to the birth of bitter relations between Ayatollah Khomenei's Iran & America in particular. Clashes between the west and the lesser prominent countries Islamic countries of the west like Syria & Lebanon have just added more fuel to the already raging fire of anti-western feelings. More recently, I feel that the interference of the west (The

My first car Essay Example for Free

My first car Essay So, this is freedom. That was the first thought that crossed, ironically, through my mind as I shook the empty gas-can back and forth, hearing the trickle of fuel inside slosh around the conspicuously light container. My car had glided that March morning, on empty, into a rest-stop just off the Interstate. The rest-stop was pretty much deserted, though I spotted a highway patrol car parked in on one of the slanted slots nearby. I decided that would be my best bet for getting immediate assistance. As I sat in the silent car, looking at the fuel gauge which dipped far beneath Empty I drew a deep breath and savored the pine-scented odor of air-freshener (a rectangular, green ornament that hung on the rear-view mirror) mixed with the smell of vinyl and the faint, teasing, scent of gasoline and I suddenly realized my former calculations had been dead wrong. For the longest time, since I first rode the go-carts at amusement parks or at county fairs as a kid, Id dreamed of the day that Id own my own real car. The association between freedom and cars in my mind was so strong that it was almost painful to me for those long, pre-license years. When I finally found myself behind the wheel of my own car, with the key in the ignition, car-stereo booming, and my foot on the accelerator, it was thrilling! But as soon as I pulled into traffic, or got stuck at a red light, or found myself cut-off by some idiot on the road, my dream of absolute freedom became a bit more tainted. By the time Id run out of gas at the rest-stop, Id reached the conclusion that despite the myth which is generated about cars in American society, cars do not represent freedom, individuality, or escape from everyday troubles. In fact, cars represent the exact opposite of freedom. As I sat there, out of gas, and rehearsing my self-introduction to the highway patrolman, I thought about the reality of cars and how that reality conflicted, very deeply, with my dreams. If I thought about it deeply, I realized that the dent in the dream had actually occurred much sooner than my disillusionment regarding traffic-jams and one-way streets. The problems started right from the beginning when Id taken the written-test and road-test to acquire my drivers license. The stench of freedom-killing beureuacracy could not have been any stronger. Standing in a long-line for hours, filling out forms in triplicate, having your vision tested, your picture taken, having everything right down to the disposition of your bodily organs in the event of your untimely death pinpointed and notated on a handy, laminated card which you were to keep upon your person at all times these aspects alone should have told me, as clearly as the bleached and stained floor of the Secretary of States overcrowded facility that freedom and cars were actually conflicting ideas. The destruction of my dream continued, after registering the car and paying for the outsized insurance policy which was afforded to people of my age and gender, I realized that, because the car was a used-car, and already had nearly 100,000 miles on it, that Id better be at least somewhat selective about driving long-distances. In fact, due to a couple of strange knocks and bumps that seemed to crop up whenever the car was going over 55 mph, Id decided that taking long road-trips in the car was probably a very bad idea. That ditched my dream of visiting the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in my own car, and my dream of taking a long trip to the coast of Florida or California. Id dreamed about all of these trips and many more in the years leading up to the day that I bought my first car. Realizing almost immediately, that my more flamboyant dreams were dead in the water, i consoled myself with happy thoughts of cruising around my town and the nearby outskirts with my friends. Unfortunately, this dream was also put to an early test when I realized that cruising costs quite a bit of money due to gasoline and other miscellaneous expenses like fast-food, sodas, snacks, and whatnot. The first time I went cruising with only a single dollar to put in my gas-tank, I actually paid that dollar in quarters, nickels, and dimes. Up to that point Id always envisioned gas-stations as friendly oasis that spewed forth fuel, snacks, and soda. Up to the point of paying for gas myself, Id always thought of gasoline pretty much as I thought of water: ubiquitous and unending. After only a week of car ownership, IU started to watch the gas-needle like a hawk and I got miffed if anyone asked me for a ride somewhere without also offering to pay for gas. Not only was it a hit to my wallet, but the expense of maintaining the car was embarrassing because I simply couldnt handle the expenses. Or chose not to handle them. Given the choice between a lube job and an oil change or buying a new video game or C. D. , I usually, if not always, chose the latter. If it was a choice between having the (retread) tires rotated, or going out to see a band, I always chose what was fun adn not what was practical. Eventually, the car became little more than a loadstone around my neck. The interior of the car became almost like a closet because I pitched a lot of my stuff in there and forgot about it; other people pitched stuff there and in the trunk. Most of the time, the car sat, gas-needle tipping toward empty and it usually looked like it needed to be washed. A couple of the service engine soon lights also blinked on at intervals and the knocking noises kept on knocking. I had descended from my dream of freedom into the reality of ownership. The car , as a dream, represented freedom and escape to faraway places; the car, in reality, represented a responsibility and expense which pretty much insured that the only use I would be able to get out of the car would be to drive it back and forth to work. IN fact, due to thee expense of the car, I was forced to take an extra part-time job, the following Spring, in order to have some work done on its transmission. As it happened, the job was in a town a few miles away from my home, but, because I had a car, getting there and back posed little obstacle. That is: until I ran out of gas in the rest stop. Sitting there in the mostly-empty parking lot, I contemplated the dissolution of my dream but comforted myself one small triumph. My car had run out of gas, but, steering into the rest-stop on fumes, Id guided my car into an empty parking slot. It was the first time I could remember not having to circle a parking lot searching for a place to park. Outline: Thesis statement: Cars represent not freedom but responsibility. 1. Cars are promoted in America as emblems of freedom. 2. Cars are actually part of a complex beureuacracy. 3. The costs of maintaining a car are high. 4. Mostly, cars are used to take people back and forth to work. To pay for their cars. 5. Rather than freedom, cars usually represent responsibility.

R K Narayans The Guide :: Literature Religion Philosophy Papers

R K Narayan's The Guide The sky was clear. Having nothing else to do, he started counting the stars. He said to himself, 'I shall be rewarded for this profound service to humanity. People will say, 'there is the man who knows the exact number of stars in the sky. If you have any trouble on that account consult him. He will be your night guide for the skies'.' Reality exists only through experience, and it must be personal experience. (Gao Xingjian. Soul Mountain) [1] R K Narayan propagates Oriental philosophy in all his novels and The Guide [2] is no exception. In Hindu philosophy realisation of the truth comes after going through the acid test of illusion or 'maya'.* I would add that the ability to perceive 'reality' is the end product of experience. Followers of Lord Krishna regard humans as souls composed of Krishna's highest energy, with bodies of 'maya,' his lowest, material, and illusory energy. This belief also entails taboos against gambling, using intoxicants, eating meat, and engaging in illicit sex. Performing God's work with no thought of reward will result in the purification of the illusory 'maya'. The illusion in Raju's life is Rosie, who entices him away from the daily grind of normal life. When Raju sees her for the first time, he describes her, complexion not white, but dusky, which made her only half visible, as if you saw her through a film of tender coconut juice. Much later, in Chapter 9, again she is described thus, Her face was partially illuminated by a shaft of gaslight from a lamp hanging from a tree. Thus Raju never views Rosie in the real world but almost in a dream, and Rosie becomes the 'mohini'* of the novel. Her meeting Raju on the railway platform is significant since until then the railway has been his life, but with Rosie's entrance his familiar world will be disrupted. He will be tempted to discard his attachment to the railway for a far greater and passionate attachment. Rosie's role as the 'mohini' in Raju's life is confirmed by her obsession with snakes. The animal imagery has been well used by Narayan. The role of snake-women as enchantresses is common in the Indian mind-frame. Moreover, we have the conversation between Rosie and Raju's mother, (a traditional Indian woman steeped in religious and folk beliefs), to reinforce this notion: Everything was so good and quite - until you came in like a viper. R K Narayan's The Guide :: Literature Religion Philosophy Papers R K Narayan's The Guide The sky was clear. Having nothing else to do, he started counting the stars. He said to himself, 'I shall be rewarded for this profound service to humanity. People will say, 'there is the man who knows the exact number of stars in the sky. If you have any trouble on that account consult him. He will be your night guide for the skies'.' Reality exists only through experience, and it must be personal experience. (Gao Xingjian. Soul Mountain) [1] R K Narayan propagates Oriental philosophy in all his novels and The Guide [2] is no exception. In Hindu philosophy realisation of the truth comes after going through the acid test of illusion or 'maya'.* I would add that the ability to perceive 'reality' is the end product of experience. Followers of Lord Krishna regard humans as souls composed of Krishna's highest energy, with bodies of 'maya,' his lowest, material, and illusory energy. This belief also entails taboos against gambling, using intoxicants, eating meat, and engaging in illicit sex. Performing God's work with no thought of reward will result in the purification of the illusory 'maya'. The illusion in Raju's life is Rosie, who entices him away from the daily grind of normal life. When Raju sees her for the first time, he describes her, complexion not white, but dusky, which made her only half visible, as if you saw her through a film of tender coconut juice. Much later, in Chapter 9, again she is described thus, Her face was partially illuminated by a shaft of gaslight from a lamp hanging from a tree. Thus Raju never views Rosie in the real world but almost in a dream, and Rosie becomes the 'mohini'* of the novel. Her meeting Raju on the railway platform is significant since until then the railway has been his life, but with Rosie's entrance his familiar world will be disrupted. He will be tempted to discard his attachment to the railway for a far greater and passionate attachment. Rosie's role as the 'mohini' in Raju's life is confirmed by her obsession with snakes. The animal imagery has been well used by Narayan. The role of snake-women as enchantresses is common in the Indian mind-frame. Moreover, we have the conversation between Rosie and Raju's mother, (a traditional Indian woman steeped in religious and folk beliefs), to reinforce this notion: Everything was so good and quite - until you came in like a viper.

Managerial Economics Essay

Q.1.0) For each of the following events, assume that either the supply curve or the demand curve (not both shifted). Explain which curve shifted and indicate the direction of the shift. a.From 1950 to 1979 the wages paid to fruit pickers increased while the number of fruit pickers employed decreased. b.During the same period the price of radio sets declined, while the number of radio sets purchased increased. c.Housing prices are rising but more houses are sold. d.Australian Airlines reduces its average plane fare by 30 percent in order to attract more customers. Ans. a) In this case the number of the fruit pickers has decreased while the wages of the fruit pickers has increased. Thus, the demand has not changed. The supply of the fruit pickers has decreased, hence, the fruit pickers supply has shifted to the left. b) In this case the price of the radio sets declined while the number of radio sets purchased increased. This means the demand has increased. The demand curve has shifted to the right. c) In this case the housing prices are rising but more houses were sold. The demand of the houses has increased. The demand curve has moved to the right. d) In this the Australian Airlines reduces its average plane fare by 30 percent in order to attract more customers. The aim here is increase the revenue in the future. The supply is been increased to accommodate the increasing customers. The supply curve is moved to the right. Q.2.0) Explain the meaning of elasticity? What are the different types of elasticities? What are the factors that affect each type of elasticity? Of what use are these elasticities to business? Ans. Elasticity is a measure of the responsiveness of one variable to changes in another variable; the percentage change in one variable that arises due to a given percentage change in another variable. The Elasticity is one of the important factors to measure the market condition, the market character and depicts a comprehensive picture of the supply, demand relation. The different types of Elasticities are Own price elasticity, cross-price elasticity, income elasticity and other elasticity such as own advertisement elasticity and cross-advertisement elasticity. 2.1. Own price elasticity: A measure of the responsiveness of the quantity demanded of a good to a change in the price of that good; the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in the price of the good. EdQx, Px Percentage change in quantity demanded = %∆Qdx = Percentage change in price of the good %∆Px The Own price elasticity of demand is measured in terms of its absolute value, if the absolute value is greater than one (1) is said to be elastic, if the absolute value is less than one (1) is said to be inelastic and if the absolute value is equal to one (1) is said to be unitary. 2.1.1 Elastic demand: Demand is Elastic if the absolute value of the own price elasticity is greater than 1. │EdQx,Px│> 1 This means that the percentage change in the quantity demanded is more than the percentage change in the price of the good. Generally, the demand is elastic for consumer goods. The important point is when the total revenue increases (decreases) as a result of a fall (rise) in price, demand is elastic. 2.1.2 Inelastic demand: Demand is inelastic if the absolute value of the own price elasticity is less than 1. │EdQx,Px│< 1 This means that the percentage change in the quantity demanded is less than the percentage change in the percentage change in the price of the good. The demand is elastic for the daily requirement goods, specialty goods. The important point is when the total revenue decrease (increases) as a result of a fall (rise) in price, demand is inelastic. 2.1.3 Unitary elastic demand: Demand is unitary elastic if the absolute value of the own price elasticity is equal to 1. │EdQx, Px│= 1 This means that the percentage change in the price is equal to the percentage change in quantity demanded of the good. As the percentage change in price is equal to the percentage change in the quantity demanded, the total revenue does not change as price changes. 2.1.4 Perfectly elastic demand: A condition in which a small percentage change in price brings about an infinite percentage change in quantity demanded. │EdQx, Px│= ∞ 2.1.5 Perfectly inelastic demand: A condition in which the quantity demanded does not change as the price changes. │EdQx, Px│= 0 2.1.6 Influencing factors: The price elasticity is determined the following factors, the availability of the substitutes, time factor and the expenditure share of the product in consumer’s budget. * Availability of viable options: The price elasticity is very much influenced by the availability of substitutes. The price elasticity is greater when the substitutes are more. This is because of the wider choices consumer has. The minimal changes in the price of one good will result immediate shift of the demand to the other good. The elasticity for the broadly defined commodities tends to be more inelastic than the demand for specific commodities. This is because the specific products are demanded on the basis of the consumer’s tastes, preferences, likes, passion and need. * Time factor: The time factor influences the character of the demand of the good. In general, the availability of time allows the consumer to pursue the substitutes, which eventually results in the decline of the demand for the good whose price has increased. In short time, the demand is more likely to be inelastic for the reason that the consumer will not be able to find the substitutes. *Expenditure on the product: The amount spent by the consumer on a particular product determines the character of the demand elasticity of the product. The products on which the consumer spends fewer amounts are likely to be inelastic conversely the products on which the consumer spends large amount are likely to be elastic. This is because the slightest increase in their prices would have a great impact on the consumer’s budget. 2.1.7 Uses to the business: The own price elasticity is very much essential to the business to analyze the market and further to formulate the strategies to gain maximum benefit from the given situation. The price elasticity enables the firm to asses the relationship between the price of its product and the demand. The firm can be able to gauge the relationship between their products and other products in the market. This helps the firm to identify which are the competing products and complementing products. The firm by assessing the price elasticity can be able to define fine price strategies, promotion strategies and as well can contemplate about the synergies with the other firms whose products are in complementary relationship with the firm’s products. 2.2 Income elasticity: A measure of the responsiveness of the demand for a good to changes in consumer income; the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in income. EmQx, M Percentage change in quantity demanded %∆Qdx = Percentage change in the consumer income = %∆M If EmQx, M > 0, then X is a normal good, an increase in income leads to an increase in the consumption of X. If EmQx, M < 0, then X is an inferior good, an increase in income leads to a decrease in the consumption of X. 2.2.1 Influencing factors: The important factors influencing this elasticity are the income level of the consumers and the nature of the product. If the product is not having the perceived value or not having the perceived image, the product will be purchased more when the income level of consumer decreases conversely the products will be purchased less when the income level of the consumer increases. 2.2.2 Uses: The firms will be able to identify their product’s perceived  value. This assists the firms to modify their product’s features, promote well or position their product well in the market. In general, the firms are interested in making their products a normal good, the demand increases with the increase in the income level of the consumer. This elasticity helps the firms to define their pricing strategy to suit the consumer’s perceived value. 2.3 Cross-price elasticity: A measure of the responsiveness of the demand for a good to changes in the price of a related good; the percentage change in the quantity demanded of one good divided by the percentage change in the price of a related good. EdQx, Py = Percentage change in quantity demanded of one good = %∆Qdx Percentage change in price of related good %∆Py This elasticity helps in understanding the relationship between two goods. This elasticity explains whether two goods are complement or substitute to each other. If EdQx, Py > 0, the two goods are substitutes to each other, the larger the positive coefficient, the greater the substitutability between the two goods. If EdQx, Py < 0, the two goods are complement to each other, the larger the negative coefficient, the greater the complementary relationship between the two goods. The important point is the sign of the coefficient is important when mentioning the Cross-price elasticity. 2.3.1 Influencing factors: The close relationship between the products has a great impact on the elasticity. If the product has many competing or substitutes which offer similar benefits mix, the demand changes highly even with a minor changes in the price of the product or the changes in the price  of the substitutes. This elasticity is also influenced by the price of the complementing products; if the price of the complementing products increases (decreases) the demand for the firm’s product decreases (increases). 2.3.2 Uses: This helps the firms to handle the competition by formulating a well defined pricing strategy. The firms will be able to assess the relationship with the other products. The firms can identify the competing as well complementing products in the market. The demand of the product is highly influenced by the competing and contemplating product’s price. The firm by assessing the cross-price elasticity will be able to handle the competition and as well can form synergies with the firms offering complementary products. This will enable the firms to operate efficiently in the market. 2.4 Price elasticity of supply: The ratio of the percentage change in the quantity supplied of a product to the percentage change in its price. Es = percentage change in quantity supply = %∆Qsx percentage change in price %∆P Es > 1, elastic supply, the percentage change in quantity supply is more than the percentage change in price. Es < 1, inelastic supply, the percentage change in quantity supply is less than the percentage change in price. Es = 1, unitary elastic, the percentage change in quantity supply is equal to the percentage change in price. 2.4 Influencing factors: The influencing factors are the price of the product, the nature of the market. The ultimate objective of the firm is to make maximum profits, the firm will supply according to the rise in price and demand in the market to gain optimum profits. 2.5 Uses: This elasticity helps the firms to strike a balance among the price of the product, demand and supply of the product. This also helps the firms to define their production and supply str0ategy so as to address the given situation. Q.3.0) Read the New Economy Index dealing with the effects of internet and increased competition on business competition (http://www.neweconomyindex.org/section1_page06.html). a. List factors that are said to be driving the increased competition between firms? Do these factors suggest that the structures of the markets in which firms operate are taking on more of the characteristics of the perfectly competitive market structures? b. Is there information on these pages that gives an indication of whether increased competition is having an effect on the profitability of the firm? Ans. a) The factors that are said to be driving the increased competition between the firms are: i. Emergence of global market place. ii. The number of increased firms. iii. Technology that makes the entry easy for new entrants. iv. Ever increasing from securities markets to increase shareholders value. v. Frenetic atmosphere of mergers. vi. Increased number of large institutional investors. Yes, these factors suggest that the structures of the market are taking on more of the characteristics of the perfectly competition. The major  characteristics are the increased number of firms, more number of players. The easy entry for the new entrants suggests that the market is not having any entry barriers. b) Yes, the information on these pages indicates the effect of the competition on the profitability of the firms. The average price mark-up over the cost ration in manufacturing in United States had declined from about 19 percent in 1970 to 15 percent between 1980 and 1992. Q.4.0) Evaluate the economic case for economic integration in either South Asia or ASEAN region (chose the region which you live). Will this be beneficial for your country? Why or why not? Ans. I am from India and India is an active participant in South Asian regional development and welfare programs. The economic integration is an important factor influencing the prosperity of the nations worldwide. The economic integration is one most successful tool exploited by many countries to gain economic benefits and welfare. The movement of South Asian countries; India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bhutan and Maldives towards the economic integration in the South Asian region will be a big step towards their economic welfare. The India has already signed Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with Thailand, one more similar agreement with Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) and another trade agreement with Singapore in early next year. This is the initiative taken by India to bring close the nations of this part of the world and leap towards the economic integration. The developed have already formed their Regional Trade Agreement (RTA) such as North American Free Trade Agreement, European Union accord. The South Asian countries must formulate a similar platform to present their argument with one consented voice and craft own free trade agreement to counter the  growing competition from these countries. According a world bank report the success of the RTA is that the RTA were successful in eliminating the trade barriers thus, paving way for the free flow of goods and services, which ultimately benefits the masses. The trade barriers segment the market, restricts the free flow of goods, service, investments, development schemes which call for a joint venture. Therefore wide range policy measures are required to facilitate the economic integration. A direct shift from closed to open regionalism will enable the countries to operate in more liberal market. The increased relations between the nations allows the free flow of ideas, fosters alternative thinking and exchange of technology. In a liberal trade regime, the South Asian countries will reap benefits in terms increased volume of trade, larger investments and increased production but, also the new technologies which were hitherto unknown at work place. India, with a one fifth of worlds population has been successful in gearing the interaction between the South Asian countries, has a larger part to play and as well the biggest beneficiary from the economic integration in this region. There are some competitive complications in the integrations. Most of the countries are having rivalry among them as they offer similar products to the international market. India and Sri Lank compete in agro-products; tea, coffee, rubber and jute, Malaysia and Singapore in clothing, Japan and South Korea in electronics. At present the integration trade among SAARC is less than 5 percent, where as it is 55 percent in European Union countries and 65 percent in North American countries. The trade between India and Pakistan is currently at US$ 251; with the integration trade it would go up to US$ 4 billion. Q.5.0) What is a market failure? What are the different types of market failures? Discuss and give an example. Ans. The situation in which the following characteristics developed in the market is termed as Market failure. The different types of market failures are Market power Externalities Public goods Incomplete information 5.1 Market power: The ability of a firm to set its price above marginal cost. The main aim of the government is to create a perfect competition in the market. But, many a times it is not possible. There always exist some firms who have an advantage over the other firms operating in the same industry. These firms gain sustainable competitive advantage by having larger market share, high technology, competitive market position and/or financial support. The firm which has sustainable competitive advantage will exercise power to influence the market prices. The firm will keep its price higher than the marginal cost, the resources required to produce that unit good, thus decreasing the social welfare. The government will intervene in these instances to regulate these firms to increase the social welfare. When the firms exercise the market power, the social welfare will minimize, the consumer has to pay more than the cost incurred by the producer to produce that extra unit. The government formulates certain laws to avert the concentration in the market, which eventually results in Market power. In most of the countries, the governments formulate laws to control the formation of market power by legislating antitrust policy and price regulation. Example: The formation of a monopoly is a clear case of market power. Most of the firms attempt to build a monopoly. In monopoly market, the entry is restricted and the firms can charge high price than the marginal cost. In the above figure it shows the monopolist’s demand, marginal cost, and marginal cost and marginal revenue curves. In a perfect competitive market all the consumers are charged similar. But, in this case the monopolist charges PM price for the profit maximizing out put units of QM. At this price the consumer is pays higher amount for the last unit produced than the cost to produce it. Total social welfare in monopoly is the sum of producer and consumer surplus, the region W in the above figure. The triangle ABC represents the dead weight loss. 5.1.1 Antitrust policy: Government policies designed to keep firms from monopolizing their markets. The main aim of the antitrust policy is to eliminate the dead weight loss and discourage the mangers to exercise price-fixing agreements and other collusive practices by declaring it as an illegal to foster monopoly. The first successful antitrust act was used against United States and Trans-Missouri Freight Association agreement, which the Supreme Court declared as illegal. Standard Oil of New Jersey along with Standard Oil of Ohio was charged with attempting to fix the prices of petroleum products and the prices at which the products would be shipped. Standard Oil, in particular, was accused of numerous activities designed to enhance monopoly. 5.1.2 Price regulation: In many instances a single firm may be able to service the market or the  government may wish to allow the firm to practice monopoly. When the economies of scale are larger, the government may allow the firm to practice monopoly but choose to regulate the price of the firm’s products. Example: In India, the government has allowed the Maruti Udyog Ltd., au automobile manufacturing firm, to practice monopoly in small car segment till 1998. This was mainly to support this PSU, to gain the strength in the market and as was the capacity of the firm was made to address the demand of the market. Even though the Maruti was the only car manufacturer in the small car segment, the government has practiced strong price regulation in order to eliminate the dead weight loss. Regulating a Monopolist’s price at the Socially Efficient Level 5.2 Externalities: Effects on the third party who is not the part in decision making process is termed as the Externalities. There are two types of externalities; positive externalities and negative externalities. 5.2.1 Positive externalities: The benefits are received by the party which is not involved in the production or consumption of a good. Example: The benefits of the immunization of the public, which eventually leads to building a health society, benefits all the people irrespective of their participation in the process. The government programs aiming at imparting education to every one leads to the building a knowledgeable society. This initiative benefits the whole nation. 5.2.2 Negative externalities: The costs borne by parties who are not involved in the production or consumption of a good. Example: The pollution in the air, water and soil. The public in general suffers with out directly involving in the process. The society will be bearing some costs of this damage to the environment, but eventually the  impact will on everyone. 5.2.3 The Clean Air Act: The Clean Air Act was formed to address the much devastating issue of the pollution. The new act covers the industry which releases over 10 tons per year of any of the listed pollutants or 25 tons per year of any combination of those pollutants. The firms under this act are required to obtain permit to pollute. The permit is issued to the industry on the basis of its nature, level of pollution in that area and the calculated level of pollution that would be emitted by the firm at a fee. The act also supports the new entrants to find efficient ways to decrease the pollution in the industrial process. The Act’s another important feature is, a firm can sell its limit to the other firm if the firm has lower level pollution than the permitted level. This is to encourage the firms to find the new ways to minimize the pollution in their firms. 5.3 Public goods: A good that is nonrival and nonexclusionary in consumption. Public goods are the goods, which can be consumed by everyone. The goods are not paid by any one or the benefits are received by everyone. These benefits cannot be allocated to any single person; clean air, sunlight etc. In general, if no one pays for these goods, as everyone along with the purchaser will be benefited. Thus, there is little or no major incentive for the purchaser. This very factor leads to free ride phenomenon. 5.3.1 Nonrival consumption: A good is nonrival in consumption if the consumption of the good by one person does not preclude other people from also consuming the good. Example: street lights, public parks, radio signals, national defense. 5.3.2 Nonexclusionary consumption: A good or service is nonexclusionary if,  once provided, no one can be excluded from consuming it. Example: clean air, roads. It would be advantageous for a firm to contribute to public goods in its market place to create goodwill in the market. The same thing goes with the individuals as well. The benefit arising from paying for the public good is not exclusive for any individual, thus everyone would be willing not to pay for them, which eventually results in failure of the market in providing public goods. In conclusion, if the firm’s goal is to maximize profits, the last dollar spent on contributions to public projects should bring in one additional dollar in revenue. 5.4 Incomplete information: The information about the product and services to all the interested parties is important for the market to operate efficiently. The participants must have good knowledge about the product or service’s features, price, benefits, the risks and the available technologies. The incomplete information will eventually result in inefficiencies in the market functioning, usage and the firm’s output. The severe causes of market failure are asymmetric information, a situation where some market participants have better information than others. The presence of asymmetric information can lead buyers to refuse to purchase from sellers ort of fear that the seller is attempting to dump the product because it worth less than they are willing to pay and in some cases, may lead to the market collapse. The government has formulated policies to address this issue. 5.4.1 Rules Against Insider Trading: The regulation to avert the asymmetric information problem is by formulating rules against insider trading. The insiders will have more information about the company; can take better decisions about its stock trading. This if continues, the traders may reject the company’s shares. There will be little or no chance to the outsiders in the market which is dominated by the insiders; this will eventually result in market failure. To prevent insider trading form destroying the market for financial assets, the government has enacted rules against insider trading. The regulation is in Section 16 of the Securities and Exchange Act (1934) and amended in1990 and effective form May 1, 1991. Example: The manger has who has got a better knowledge about the company’s inside information may utilize to gain profits. If the company is contemplating to form a merger which would increase the value of the company, will buy the share in advance and sell them when actually the share value increase after the merger. Thus, gains maximum profits. 5.4.2 Certification: To eliminate the asymmetric information problems, the other devise is the certification. The government issues the certification of authenticity to the product or services after confirming to prescribe standards. This will ensure the consumers to get a fare deal in their transactions. Example: The issue of certification of authenticity by the government to the schools, colleges, industries etc. 5.4.3 Truth in lending: The little or no comprehensive information about the barrowings has resulted in financial crisis across the world. The government has passes legislation on the barrowing and repaying criteria to simplify the issue, Truth in Lending Simplification Act (1980). The truth in lending act affects both the supply and demand of credit. The barrowers have more information about the credit criteria, reduces the risk involved in repayment of the loan. The availability of information to the  barrowers increases the demand, thus, the demand curve for the loans moves towards the right. The suppliers are affected mainly by the increased cost in complying with the government regulations, hence the supply curve of the loan moves towards the left. This movement eventually results in increase in the price of the loan (interest). 5.4.4 Truth in advertising: Advertisement is one of the important means of communicating with the potential and actual buyers. The main aim of the advertisement is to turn viewers into buyers. Under the pressure to push the product in the market, the companies will indulge in providing the false information or too much from too little truth. When the consumers understand this, they will switch to competitor’s product or service. To alleviate this problem the government formulated the truth in advertisement. The main aim of this regulation is to cease the company’s from giving false information and to compensate the consumer who has incurred damages from a misguiding advertisement. 5.4.5 Enforcing contracts: Today’s markets are so dynamic, the relationships changes very quickly. In the attempt to gain the maximum benefit from a given situation, the companies become opportunists. To preserve the best interest of both parties the government has formed enforcing contracts regulation. In most of the instances the end-of-period is a crucial thing. The firms often violate the contract principles to gain instant benefit from a changing situation with out due concern to the other party’s interest. To solve this problem the government has formed Enforcing contracts, requires dishonest people to honor the terms of contracts. 5.4.6 Rent seeking: Selfishly motivated efforts to influence another party’s decision. The government always intervenes into the market in order to avert the market  failure. The government’s aim to intervene the market is to improve the allocation of resources in the economy by alleviating the problems associated with market power, externalities, public goods and incomplete information. The government policies benefits one party at the expense of other party. For this reason the lobbyists send huge amount of money in attempts to influence government policies. Q.6.0) Define CPI and Unemployment. What is the limitations/criticism of the following? a. CPI as a measure of change in prices. b. Unemployment rate as a measure of true employment. Ans. 6.1) The inflation and deflation are the two vital determining factors of the macroeconomics. Inflation: An increase in the general (average) price level of goods and services in the economy. The inflation does not mean that all prices of all products in the economy rise during a given period. Inflation is an increase in the overall average level of prices and not an increase in the price of any specific product. Deflation: A decrease in the general (average) price level of goods and service in the economy. In genera, the deflation is the reduction in the rate of inflation. 6.2 The Consumer Price Index (CPI): An index that measure changes in the average prices of consumer goods and services. The consumer price index is the widely accepted and used scale for measuring the inflation or deflation. The CPI is also called as the cost-of-living index. The CPI will measure the price changes in the consumer goods only. This measurement is considered with the effect of changes in the prices consumer goods on the income of the consumers. In Australia, the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) prepares the CPI. The ABS price collectors contact a sample of retail stores, other businesses supplying consumer products or services, home owners and tenants in Australia’s capital cities, each quarterly. The items included in the market basket are the items used or consumed by a typical urban family, under the category of food & beverage, clothing, housing expenses, transportation, medical care, entertainment and a range of other goods and services. The composition of the market basket generally remains unchanged from one period to the next; hence the CPI is also called as fixed-price index. Computing CPI: CPI = Cost of the market basket of products at current year prices Ãâ€" 100 Cost of the same market basket of products at base-year prices Base year: A year chosen as a reference pint for composition with some earlier or later year. Annual rate of inflation= CPI in given year ─ CPI in previous year Ãâ€" 100 CPI in previous year 6.3 Limitation/criticism of CPI: The CPI as a measure of change in prices has attracted much criticism because of its limitations. The reasons for the change in price are affluent, the computing of CPI does not consider all these factors as it would be  difficult to collect and compile the data. 1. The CPI considers the items consumed by a typical urban family rather than the purchases of the consumers in every area. This very character limits the CPI to present a comprehensive measurement. Even in the family segment, the purchases of different families differ considerably from a typical family, the retired people have different buying criteria, purchases more of medicines and less of children products and the family who have more young children will have different needs. 2. The CPI does not acknowledge the changes in quality which in many instances results in the changes in the prices. Generally, the improving quality or performance of a product costs more to the producer, thus the producer will increase the price, the CPI fails to acknowledge this very fact. The price of television has increased quite highly, but the quality of the picture, sound and the added features are also the new benefits of today’s televisions, the CPI will not take these factors into consideration. 3. The composition of the market basket most of times is unchanged, which results in ignoring the latest trends. The market is more dynamic than ever and every year there are many new and innovative products and service are introduced to the market. The failure to take the changing patterns and preferences, the CPI will not be a comprehensive measure of the change in prices. b) It is very important for every country to assess the unemployment rate. The countries most important and valuable asset is its labor force. The government has to gauge the productivity of its employment force to develop the country. 6.4 Unemployment rate: The percentage of people in the labor force who are without jobs and are actively seeding jobs. The unemployment is not all the people who do not have jobs, but the people who are part of the labor force who do not have jobs or seeking jobs. 6.5 Civilian labor force: The number of people 15 years of age and older who are employed or who are actively seeking a job, excluding those in the armed forced, home makers, students, discouraged workers and other persons not in the labor force. 6.6 Limitations/criticism: The calculation of Unemployment rate has attracted much criticism for limitations to give a comprehensive detail of the employment. The Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) computes the unemployment rate in Australia. 1. False response to the ABS survey about the unemployment. The respondents may give false information about their employment. The respondents may give false information about their current position; they might say they are seeking a job even if they are not or employed in illegal activities. This could be because of the benefits of registering oneself as unemployed or job seekers. 2. The official definition of the unemployment understates the unemployment rate by not considering the discouraged workers. Discouraged worker: A person who wants to work, but who has given up searching for work because he or she believes there will be no job offers. After repeated rejections, discouraged workers often turn to their families, friends and possibly other forms of welfare for support. The ABS counts a discouraged worker as anyone who has looked for work within the last six months, but responds that they no longer looking for a job and includes in ‘not in labor’ category. The number of discouraged workers is likely to rise during a recession; the degree of underestimation of the official unemployment rate is thought to increase during a downturn. 3. Another understating of the unemployment rate occurs because the survey treats the part time workers equal to the full time workers. Some of these  part time workers might be willing to go for full time job given a chance. These latter workers are underemployed. Such under-utilization of the employees is great in recession, but is not reflected in the measured unemployment rate.